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Automotive city or Auto City are cities that facilitate, and encourage, the movement of people via private transportation, through ‘physical planning’, e.g., built environment innovations (street networks, parking spaces, automobile/pedestrian interface technologies and low density urbanised areas containing detached dwellings with driveways or garages) and ‘soft programming’ e.g., social policy surrounding city street usage (traffic safety/automobile campaigns, automobile laws and the social reconstruction of streets as reserved public spaces for the automobile).〔Norton, P. 2008, ''Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City'', published by The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, ISBN 978-0-262-14100-0〕〔Clapton, R. (2005) ''Intersections of Conflict: Policing and Criminalising Melbourne’s Traffic, 1890-1930'', Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, submitted to the Department of History, The University of Melbourne〕 ==Origins== :"The old common law that every person, whether on foot or driving, has equal rights in all parts of the roadway must give way before the requirements of modern transportation" – McClintock, a Consultant for Los Angeles Traffic Commission in 1924.〔 (Norton, 2008, p.164) Multiple competing views have attempted to explain the rapid dominance of automobile use over alternative modes of transportation in North America in the early 20th century. Two compelling arguments are: *That the automobile was selected by city dwellers, as the liberated and preferred mode of transportation.〔 *That the automobile was deliberately promoted, at the expense of mass transit systems, by the corporate or professional elites, guided by interests in the automotive industry.〔 While both arguments are nuanced, the basic principles behind each – advocacy of private transportation and advocacy of automobile production and consumption – informed the American automobile manufacturing boom of the early 1900s. By the late 1920s, the automobile industry was producing millions of cars each year, its surging growth due in part to the sociology of industrial phenomena related to Fordism.〔〔Maller, J. and Dwolatsky, B. (1993) 'What is Fordism? Restructuring Work in the South African Metal Industry', in 'Transformation', 22:70-86〕 The creation of the automotive city may be due, in part; to an attack on old customs by the good roads movement, seeking to pave the way for the rapidly expanding automobile market, and, to the triumph of individual liberties, associated with consumption and the free market, over restrictive governance of the built environment and its use.〔 By the 1930s, the interaction of automotive industry interests, a vocal, growing, minority of city motorists and favourable political sentiment, worked together to reconstruct the city street as a reserved space for the automobile, delegitimising previous users (such as pedestrians) and forging the foundations for the first automotive cities.〔 This transformative process could not have succeeded, were it not for the development, and deployment, of a system of symbols, codes and laws which would become the language of traffic signs, and infrastructure design.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Automotive city」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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